![]() ![]() This allows us to predict values of \(Y\) using the known values of \(X\). \beta_n X_n\) can be solved for values of the explanatory variables \(X_i\). Prediction: The parameterized linear model \(Y = \beta_0 \beta_1 X_1 . A statistically insignificant value of \(\beta_1\) suggests that advertising has no impact on sales. Obviously, we want every dollar we spend on advertising to result in at least a dollar increase in sales, otherwise we are losing money on our advertising efforts. Example: If we have a regression equation \(Sales = \beta_0 \beta_1 Advertising\), then we can use \(\beta_1\) to better understand the impact of our spending on advertising on sales. Root cause analysis: The size, direction (positive or negative), and statistical significance of each slope provides us with a better understanding of the factors that might cause variation in the value of the response variable \(Y\). The slopes learned by the linear regression algorithm can be used in two ways: We think of each \(\beta_i\) as the slope of the line (also called the “coefficient” or “parameter”). “Fitting a line” means finding values for each \(\beta_i\) so that the error (or “residual”) between the fitted line and the observed data is minimized. \beta_n X_n\), where \(Y\) is the value of the response variable and \(X_i\) is the value of the explanatory variable(s). Recall that a linear model is of the form \(Y = \beta_0 \beta_1 X_1 . The lm function in R constructs-as its name implies-a linear model from data. 10.6 Standardized regression coefficients.9.1.3 Model quality and statistical significance.7.3.2 Using gmodel’s CrossTable Command.7 Gap Analysis with Categorical Variables.6.3.4 Equality of variance test (formula).6.3.3 Equality of variance test (pivoted columns). ![]() 6.3.2 Equality of variance test (columns).6.2.2 Boxplots in base R (and formula notation).5.3 Recode According to List Membership.3.3.4 Relative frequency (more advanced). ![]()
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![]() ![]() The app that replaced Picasa is Google Photos and it left a great deal to be desired. For several years, Google’s picture management package was the best-in-class however, in 2016 the corporate determined to kill Picasa. It’s OK to copy these folders to a USB drive in order to get them to your new computer.Picasa is currently simply a far memory. Step 2 – On your OLD computer or install of Picasa, go to c:usersskrauseappdatalocalgoogle and copy the two subfolders Picasa2Albums and Picasa2 into the same location on your new computer. How do I transfer my Picasa photos to a new computer? From the “Download” dropdown menu, select “Download to Picasa.” Allow your browser to invoke the Picasa application and your album should download to the Picasa desktop app. Where did my Picasa pictures go?Īfter Picasa Web Albums is retired, you’ll be able to: See all your albums and metadata, including photos you’ve uploaded to Google+, Blogger, and Hangouts, in the Album archive. Whether you go with a one-tap suggestion or manually fine-tune your photos, we can ‘t wait to see all the amazing images you create. The new Google Photos editor is starting to roll out today to the Google Photos app on Android. ![]() Does Google have a photo editing program? You can ‘t download Picasa directly from Google anymore, but you should be able to find a copy online if you look in the right places. Google stated that the primary reason for retiring Picasa was that it wanted to focus its efforts “entirely on a single photos service” the cross-platform, web-based Google Photos. You might be interested: Readers ask: Comment Mettre Une Photo Sur Mon Mur Facebook? Why did Google discontinue Picasa? You can read more about the changes in our blog post. We’re making this change to simplify how things work between the two services. Starting July 10, 2019, Google Photos and Google Drive will no longer automatically sync. You can use your existing Google account (the one you use to log into GMail ) to sign in. A window will open where you can either sign in to your Web Album account. Picasa web albums can even be used without Picasa (you can use your web browser to upload photos to a Picasa Web Album). Can I use my existing Google account to access Picasa? Though the program will continue to work if you currently use it, or download it before it’s shutdown next month, Google will not offer future updates. Though Picasa is a well -known photo organizer and editor, Google has had much more success with its newer photo storage and sharing application, Google Photos. What is the best program to replace Picasa?īest Picasa Alternative ( Replacement Image Editor) Choose a size: Original or Best for Sharing.Select an existing Album, or click the New button and enter a new album name.Click the Green “Upload to Google Photos ” button, log in to your Google account if necessary.To upload from Picasa on your computer to Google Photos You might be interested: Comment Recuperer Photo Sur Telephone Qui Ne S'Allume Plus? How do I get my photos from Picasa to Google Photos? However, Google discontinued the service and it was replaced by Google Photos. Google Picasa used to be one of the best and popular photo management tools in 2016. We’ve decided to retire Picasa in order to focus on a single photo service in Google Photos – a new, smarter photo app that works seamlessly across mobile and the web. Does Picasa still work with Google Photos? Google Photos is web-based storage (in your Google Account) of all your photos and mobile Apps and Web interface to work with them. Picasa is for people who want to organize and work with photos on their computer. PIcasa is software for your PC or Mac computer to manage photos on your computer. 15 How do I transfer my Picasa photos to a new computer?. ![]()
![]() ![]() Zeus can place new entities in the scene: Modules, waypoints and markers can be removed anywhere. Objects can be destroyed or deleted only when inside editing areas. Press G to order soldiers in vehicles to get out.Editing (Advanced)Īdditional keys let you to further manipulate an entity: Some modules may require synchronization to affected objects. soldiers or manned vehicles) Syncing - when Modules mode is selected, objects are synchronized. Grouping - when Units or Groups modes are selected, you can group them together. Release the button over an empty space to disconnect objects.Release the button on another object to connect them together.Hold Left Ctrl, click on an object and drag the line. Many modules won't even be initialized until you configure their attributes. Groups - callsign, combat mode, formation.Scenarios can allow you to set specific entity attributes.ĭoubleclick on the entity icon or its name in the entity list to open the attributes window. MOVE having clicked on an empty space GET IN having clicked on a vehicle DESTROY having clicked on an enemy CYCLE when Left Alt is held - upon reaching it, the unit will repeat the waypoints from the first one. Hold Left Ctrl while clicking to add a new waypoint, preserving the existing ones.Click to place a waypoint (it will replace all existing waypoints).They can be created anywhere on the map, no matter where the editing area is. When a group (or its member) is selected, you can give it waypoints. Soldiers and ground vehicles moved to a high altitude will parachute to the ground. Its borders are visualized in the scene by blue walls and by icons on the map. Some scenarios may limit the editing area. When the entity is outside of the editing area or is being dragged into it, editing is not possible. When a vehicle is under the cursor, selected soldiers are moved inside. When vehicle crew is selected, it will be moved out of their vehicle. Normal object, can be edited Destroyed object, can be edited Not in the editing area, cannot be edited Player, cannot be edited Waypoint, can always be edited EditingĬlick and drag an entity using to edit it. While all entities can be selected, not all of them can be edited: Click and drag to select multiple entities in the frame.Hold Left Shift to select multiple entities (works only in the list).Hold Left Ctrl to select add / remove the entity from selection.Select an entity by clicking on its icon or name in the entity list. ![]() The current camera position is represented by and an approximate view cone.
![]() Overall, however, it seems safe to say that Space Pioneer is making pretty quick progress in terms of technology, even if some of their claims seem a bit stretched. At the same time, Space Pioneer also claimed that the Tianhuo-11 was the “only reusable kerolox engine in China”, which was inaccurate considering that companies such as Galactic Energy and Deep Blue Aerospace were at least as advanced with kerolox engines. More recently (May 2021), the company announced a Tianhuo-11 engine, which is similar to the previously-mentioned Tianhuo-3, but with a different fuel (closed-cycle kerolox engine based on an oxygen-rich pre-burner). Space Pioneer’s Tianhuo-3 Engine (Credit: Space Pioneer) Such a technology would be a huge leap, and as such, it is seen as less likely that a company founded so recently would be able to master such technology. Initially, Space Pioneer had planned the development of 3x different rocket engines, namely the Tianhuo-1, Tianhuo-2, and Tianhuo-3 engines, all three planning to be based on an in-house “green” monopropellant technology called HCP. Having raised ~US$100M or so in 30 months, Space Pioneer has been moving quickly in developing rockets, however, some of the company’s claims seem to be bigger than the reality on the ground. What Have They Been Doing With All The Money? The funding rounds have been fast and furious, with multiple funding rounds in both 20, including most recently in September 2021, coming ~6 weeks after the previous funding round. ![]() This makes Space Pioneer probably the most well-funded Chinese launch company to not have a website. The funds have come from several blue-chip investors, including Zhejiang University Innovation Fund, Jundu Investment, and multiple city governments. Over the company’s 2.5 years of existence, Space Pioneer has completed 7 funding rounds, of which at least 4 are claimed to be more than RMB 100M. The latter may refer to a request for proposals published by the Chinese crewed spaceflight agency in January 2021 for a low-cost cargo spacecraft for the Chinese Space Station. Similar to Landspace, Space Pioneer is focused on medium and heavy-lift liquid-fueled rockets, while a recent funding round also hinted at plans for a crewed spacecraft (空天往返载人飞船). The company founder, Kang Yonglai, is the former CTO of Landspace, arguably the leading “first generation” launch company. ![]() Space Pioneer was founded in April 2019, making them not yet 3 years old. Engine test fire taking place at Space Pioneer’s facilities (Credit: Space Pioneer) Pioneer Days of Space Pioneer ![]() ![]() ![]() Spring Themed Do a Dot Worksheets Free Printable to work on learning color words.Christmas Math Worksheets – reveal hidden pictures as you complete addition problems.Mystery Picture Worksheets with Bingo Markers.Use Dot Markers to complete these cute Beginning Sounds Worksheets.Beginning sounds worksheets – fun phonics activity with Bingo Markers.Letter Recognition Dot marker Printables. ![]() Number Bingo Dauber printables – fun worksheet to practice counting to 12 and using a ten frame.Looking for more activities to try with your do a dot printables? You will love these free worksheets: Once completed, you can use a hole punch and a c clip or binder ring to keep the pages together and flip through them for convenience. There’s no color ink required. Each page focuses on one individual letter of the alphabet. This set of free Bingo Dauber Printables includes 26 black and white alphabet pages – one for each letter of the alphabet. They can practice reading this short sentence and coloring in that picture too. ![]() At the top of the page is a picture that begins with the same letter. Then they can dab the dots to make up the uppercase and lowercase letter of the alphabet on the page. Make sure they know how to use the bingo daubers first they may need a blank sheet of paper to practice with. Give your children or students one page of the worksheets to work on at a time. There are many ways preschoolers, prek, kindergarteners, and grade 1 students can complete these no-prep free worksheets. These alphabet dauber pages can be done using crayons, markers, colored, pencils, playdough balls, unifix cubes, buttons, etc. Children will need bingo daubers or bingo dabbers, bingo stamps, bingo markers, paint markers, do-a-dot markers or whatever else they are known as to complete the activities in this pack. Do a dot alphabet printables freeĪt the bottom of the post you will find the pdf file. Use these in literacy centers, extra practice, as you school at home, summer learning or as part of a letter of the week or alphabet curriculum. All you need for these low prep do a dot printables are dot markers in any color you like and the freebie do a dot worksheets. These free alphabet worksheets are perfect for toddlers, preschoolers,and kindergarteners. When your child is done connecting all of the dots, he or she can color in the picture.Whether you are a parent, teacher, or homeschooler – you will love these no prep dot marker printables for helping young children work on letter recognition and fine motor skills. There are also some harder puzzles that use different colored lines along with numbers. Primary students will love learning about these concepts with the 'Alphabet' and 'Colors/Shapes' printables. They're a great way to teach the alphabet, shapes, and colors too. These types of worksheets are about more than just numbers. For more lessons on counting by twos, fives, and tens, see the links at the bottom of this page. ![]() If you're little student has mastered Skip Counting, there are some puzzles that use skip counting instead of the standard number sequence. The 'Count to 100' lessons are a fun activity to use in the classroom or at home for these parties. Our son did it in 1st Grade and our daughter is doing it now in Kindergarten. Our kids celebrate the 100th day of school every year. Preschool children should start with the twenties and work their way up. The first few sets of puzzles are divided up into groups of numbers. ![]() ![]() “Ta ta” is popular in the North of England and you will also hear “laters” and “see ya”.Ĭheesed off – is a quirky euphemism for being unhappy. CĬheerio – No it is not just a breakfast cereal but also one of the many words used to say goodbye in the UK. Today it is more commonly used to say everything is OK.īutcher’s hook –originates from the East End of London and is a rhyme slang for take a look. The saying originally meant you could get anything or do anything if you had the right connections because it came about after the 20th British Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, famously appointed a nephew into an important political post for which he didn’t have the relevant experience. However, it was originally used to describe loose change in your pocket.īob’s your uncle – the origins of this saying and how it is used today differ. One of which is “brassed off”.īits ‘n Bobs – is used these days when you want to say you have an odd selection of things for example you could say “I have a few bits’n bobs in the fridge. For example someone might say to you ”they will bite your arm off if you offer to write their essay.”īrassed off – considering the Brits are good at hiding their emotions we still have plenty of words to describe when we are not happy with something. ![]() No one is about to literally bite off any part of your anatomy. ![]() It became popular in the 1920s along with “cat’s whiskers.”īite your arm off – don’t be alarmed if someone says this. “Can you Adam and Eve it!” Bīees knees – the phrase does not relate to bees or knees but is an idiom for excellent. It is taken from an old English word that means “to know”.Īdam and Eve – Cockney rhyming slang for believe. This idiom has nothing to do with the surname or the place. harsh!Ī Kent face – commonly used in Scotland when a person has seen a person they know, such as “I saw a few Kent faces in the library”. For example, your lecturer might describe your essay “as a load of tosh” …. A word that is popular in the north and amongst youngsters.Īny road – when you hear this, the person isn’t asking you to pick a road! They are most likely substituting it for “anyway” and the context could be “any road are you from China or Japan.”Ī load of tosh – is used to describe something that is not very good. ![]() AĪce – is used to describe something that is awesome. This dictionary of British slang includes popular words and phrases that you might hear in the UK and will help you with your own spoken English. ![]() ![]() ![]() I think that caffeine can be helpful with attention and alertness and that the effects on disrupted sleep can be mitigated by experimentation and a bit of common sense.Ī few years ago I came across some research that changed my own coffee drinking habits permanently. I don’t like seeing ‘sleep hygiene rules’ that give blanket prohibitions against caffeine. 2 Best time to drink coffeeīy now it should be clear that I personally enjoy coffee, and that I approach recommendations regarding caffeine use with nuance and not simplistic rules. It’s also always helpful to be educated and informed about caffeine content, so I recommend getting familiar with a list like this of caffeine content in various drinks. On the other hand, I may even advise a client to utilize caffeine to fight daytime sleepiness or to augment alertness levels. ![]() ![]() ![]() In certain cases, complete detox may be appropriate and helpful for a temporary period. To bring it back to caffeine, if a client drinks a lot of coffee, 3+ cups a day, has caffeine later on in the day, is sensitive to caffeine, etc., I may encourage them to try having the last cup earlier in the day, or cutting back, or keeping a more consistent routine. And, once we figure out whether a certain variable affects sleep at all, the client can make an informed decision whether or not to keep the behavior change. When we’re talking about improving sleep, I like to point out that there are many variables that can affect sleep, and that optimizing each of the variables makes it more likely to result in improved sleep. I generally like to frame behavior changes as ‘experiments’ because it makes it a bit more palatable for a person to agree to, and also because behavior changes truly are experiments – they are made with the intent of seeing whether they result in certain desired outcomes. However, caffeine is obviously a stimulant and has a significant potential for being disruptive to sleep onset, depending on the quantity consumed and time – so it is important to be aware of the effects and consider making changes as necessary. I rarely ever advise a client to cut out coffee altogether, and I am quick to point out that I am a huge fan of coffee (and sometimes I’ll admit to having entered what could be construed from the outside as ‘coffee snob’ territory over the years of brewing and consuming this beverage) and am in no way interested in taking away their right to enjoy a cup of medium-roast arabica. Of course, individuals have differing levels of sensitivity to caffeine, so you may need to experiment with adjusting that time earlier or later. The general guidance regarding caffeine is to stop consuming caffeinated beverages around early afternoon, say 2-3pm, so that it is less likely to affect you around your bedtime. Caffeine has a relatively long half-life, (usually about 5-6 hours) which means that it takes your body a long time to metabolize the substance, and it stays active in your body. When I give classes about insomnia or meet with clients individually, I definitely do talk about caffeine and how it can exacerbate sleeping problems, and I usually do a quick assessment of how much caffeine the person is consuming on a regular basis. Most of the caffeine we consume comes from coffee, but it is also found in sodas, teas, energy drinks, pre-workout supplements, among others. 1 Caffeine is an effective stimulant, and the world’s most widely used drug. We’re in good company, as more than 60% of Americans reportedly drink coffee every day, drinking an average of 3 cups daily. If you’re like me, having the morning cup of joe is a daily (and mandatory) ritual. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() The adults there may have been better than the teachers at school but not by much. Leaning his head against the mossy dumpster, He decided to stay in the alley for a while before going back to the orphanage, though he had half a mind to not return there at all. Not too different from his own role with Kacchan in the past. After a moment of panic he noticed the blonde stomping his way down the street, Tsubasa following beside him like the perfect little errand boy. Burning his flesh and leaving darkened patches of skin, almost like a patchwork doll.Ĭautiously he peaked his head above the dumpster, at first his hear rate spiked not seeing the blonde where had been standing. Sometimes he wondered who the hell could’ve raised him like that, now that they’d started middle school he had even begun using his quirk on His skin. Over the years, Kacchan's “advice” had been getting more and more aggressive. He was just as strong as some of the kids he played with and was faster than basically everyone, but that didn’t stop Kacchan from treating it like a slur. Weeks went by and nothing seemed to reer its ugly head, In the end the school got tired of dealing with the orphanage and organized for him to see a quirk specialist, hoping they could shed some light on why his qurik hadn't appeared, it was incredible how quickly that day went from normal to one of the worst.Īt first, it wasn’t really something that bothered him that much after the initial shock. Then his fifth birthday came and went, and his quirk still hadn’t appeared. A parent was someone who took care of you and helped you when things were hard, but to him it might as well be something from a fantasy book. It started when Kacchan found out he didn’t have parents, it was something he never did quite seem to get. Then over time, that idea became more and more sour. Always encouraging him in the end that he’d need to toughen up when his quirk finally came in. They weren’t exactly great friends with how much Kacchan liked making fun of him, but he’d at least been mostly well meaning at first. When they’d first met, they’d gotten along just fine. He heard the blonde skid along the ground as the others followed close behind, his ruby red eyes and short blonde hair stricking his heart in a way very few things could anymore Guess that just showed how powerful a memory was. His mind racing as he finally caved and hid behind an old dumpster in the corner, the smell was enough to make his stomach churn as he tightened his grip on his journal but at least it was out of line of sight. He could feel his legs screaming at him, aching as he bolted though the maze of alleys, desperate to find a corner where he could hide from the blonde boy. “Come on Deku, quit being a baby and fight back!” This is not such a tale exactly, instead this story begins with blood. How heroes have become a career in their own right and how this new age has given many the false impression that quirks are what determine one's strength, and what they will accomplish. When many tell a tale such as this, they talk of the beginning of the age of quirks, how over the past 300 years quirks have become the norm. Yagi Toshinori | All Might is a Bad Teacherīanco Fic, Ongoing Fics (bnha) Stats: Published: Updated: Words: 97699 Chapters: 28/? Comments: 115 Kudos: 287 Bookmarks: 80 Hits: 17866.swearing but not an insane amout until later.Midoriya Izuku Does Not Have One for All Quirk.Aizawa Shouta | Eraserhead & Midoriya Izuku.Akaguro Chizome | Stain & Original Character(s).Akaguro Chizome | Stain & Midoriya Izuku.僕のヒーローアカデミア | Boku no Hero Academia | My Hero Academia.And unlike most other liquid smoke brands, Colgin liquid smoke contains no additives or preservatives. Our favourite liquid smoke brand Colgin is a huge name in American smoke products - their first smokehouse was built in 1869 in Mexia, Texas. The released gases are condensed and liquefied, to give that instant smoke aroma and flavour. The liquid smoke is made by slowly smouldering fine smoking wood. Pecan liquid smoke is a little softer - we love to use it with caramel in desserts. Hickory liquid smoke is the distinctive, intensely smoky flavour of American BBQ. Or add a few dashes to marinades, sauces, baked beans, dips, seafood, eggs, or poultry - to create instant campfire warmth, even when cooking in an oven, or on an indoor stove. Liquid smoke brings an instant, outdoor BBQ flavour to your cooking with just a few shakes. To cook with the liquid smoke, brush onto steaks, chicken, burgers, or hot dogs for a tangy outdoor smoky flavour. ![]() ![]() ![]() Technikai okok miatt problémát okoz, ha a játékos rendkívül távoli helyekre kerül a játékban, ezért a pálya közepétől minden irányba 30-30 millió blokknyira akadályt képző falat hoztak létre. A függőleges mozgás le van korlátozva, azonban a világ horizontális kiterjedése nagy méreteket ölthet. Ī játékvilág tulajdonképpen végtelen, és folyamatosan generálódik, ahogy a játékos felfedezi azt. A játékban megtalálható „vöröskő” (redstone) elektromos áramkörök és logikai kapuk készítésére használhatók, lehetővé téve összetett rendszerek elkészítését. A játékos ezeket a blokkokat „bányászhatja ki” és helyezhetik le, és így akár építményeket is készíthetnek. Ezek a blokkok 3D rácsban vannak elhelyezve. A világ nagy része háromdimenziós elemekből áll – első sorban kockákból és folyadékokból, amelyeket általában „blokkoknak” neveznek –, melyek különböző anyagokat ábrázolnak, mint például föld, kő, különböző ércek, fatörzs, víz és láva. A játékot elsősorban belső nézetből (FPS) lehet játszani, de lehetőség van külső nézetbe (TPS) is váltani. Rendelkezik eredményrendszerrel, melyet a Java alapú kiadásban előrehaladásnak (advancements) nevezik. , és a 2023-ra várható Minecraft Legends.Ī Minecraft háromdimenziós sandbox játék, melynek nincs konkrét kitűzött célja, szabadságot adva a játékosoknak, hogy maguk választhassák meg a játék menetét. Számos spin-off is készült, ilyenek a 2015-ös Minecraft: Story Mode, a 2019-es Minecraft Earth és a 2020-as Minecraft Dungeons. A játékot az oktatásban is felhasználták első sorban számítástechnikai rendszerek, virtuális számítógépek és hardverek terén. A játék népszerűsítésében nagy szerepet játszott a közösségi média, paródiák, különböző adaptációk, ajándéktárgyak, illetve az évente megrendezésre kerülő MineCon. ![]() A Java alapú kiadásban különböző modokkal új játékmechanikával, tárgyakkal és grafikával lehet kiegészíteni a játékot.Ī Minecraft nagy népszerűségnek örvend, számos díjat nyert el és minden idők egyik legbefolyásosabb játéka lett. A játék több módban is játszható: a gyűjtögetésre, barkácsolásra és harcokra fókuszáló túlélő és a végtelen forrással rendelkező kreatív, vagy szemlélő módban. Ī Minecraftban a játékosok egy blokkokból álló, pixeles, 3D világot fedezhetnek fel, felhasználhatják annak a nyersanyagait, eszközöket készíthetnek, építményeket építhetnek, továbbá a játék módjától függően harcolhatnak számítógép vezérelte ellenségekkel, vagy akár együttműködhetnek más játékosokkal. 2020 májusára 200 millió példányt adtak el belőle valamennyi platformon, továbbá havi szinten 126 millió aktív játékossal rendelkezik. A Minecraft minden idők legkelendőbb játéka. 2014-ben a Microsoft felvásárolta a játék fejlesztésével és kiadásával foglalkozó céget, ezzel együtt birtokukba került a Minecraft tulajdonjoga is. It was the given name of Yochanan ben Zechariah, a Jewish prophet known in English as John the Baptist.A Wikimédia Commons tartalmaz Minecraft témájú médiaállományokat.Ī Minecraft nyílt világú sandbox videójáték, melyet a svéd Markus Persson indított útjára 2009-ben, és a Mojang adott ki 2011-ben. John Hyrcanus was the first king of the Hasmonean Dynasty and was the nephew of Judas Maccabeus. The name “John” had gained popularity among Jews in Judea and Galilee by the time the area became a province of the Roman Empire in 6 A.D. This name is part of the largest etymological root of names made up of more than five hundred variations between male and female in different languages. There are numerous forms of the name in different languages. DIMINUTIVE OF: jovan, jovica OTHER SCRIPTS: Serbian (Joвa) LANGUAGE FAMILY: afro-asiatic > semitic > central semitic > hebrew ORIGIN: hebrew NAME ROOT: YÔCHÂNÂN > YEHOCHANAN > IōáNNēS NATIVE NAME ROOT: YÔCHÂNÂN (יוֹחָנָן) IōáNNēS (Ἰωάννης) MEANING: This name derives from the Ancient Greek Iōánnēs (Ἰωάννης), which in turn is a form of the Hebrew name Yôchânân / Yehochanan which means "graced by Yahweh, God is gracious". ![]() ![]() Additional diversity is added through imprecise joining of the V and J regions along with random nucleotide additions and deletions at the V(D)J junctions. Inside the thymus, the constant (C) and variable (V) domains of the α and β chains of the TCR are assembled via random genetic rearrangements of the variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments. This diversity is generated during thymocyte development by a process of somatic recombination. The immune system’s ability to fight a large array of foreign particles is facilitated by the diversity of the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. We have shown the dependence of the divergence measure on the sample size before it can be used to make predictions regarding the diversity of the T-cell receptor repertoire. Using both flow cytometry and spectratyping of T-cells, we have defined the divergence measure as an indirect measure of T-cell receptor diversity. We have derived two ways to correct for the measurement bias using mathematical and statistical approaches and have predicted a lower bound in the number of lymphocytes needed when using the divergence as a substitute for diversity. We have shown that the sample size is a sensitive parameter in the predicted flow divergence values, but not in the spectratype divergence values. Using flow cytometry and spectratype data, we have defined a divergence metric that quantifies the deviation from normal of T-cell receptor repertoire. Flow cytometry can also be used to generate data about T-cell receptor BV gene usage, but its utility has not been compared to or tested in combination with spectratyping. Spectratyping generates data about T-cell receptor CDR3 length distribution for each BV gene but is technically complex. T-cell receptor diversity correlates with immune competency and is of particular interest in patients undergoing immune reconstitution. ![]() |
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